◖ARTICLES de References◗

Bamadis, P. D., Vivas, A. B., Styliadis, C., Frantzidis, M., Klados, M., Schlee, W., et al. (2014). A review of physical and cognitive interventions in aging. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 44, 206–220. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.019

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Barulli, D., and Stern, Y. (2013). Efficiency, capacity, compensation, maintenance, plasticity: emerging concepts in cognitice reserve. Trends Cogn. Sci. 17, 502–509. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.08.012

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Boyke, J., Driemeyer, J., Gaser, C., Büchel, C., and May, A. (2008). Training-induced brain structure changes in the elderly. J. Neurosci. 28, 7031–7035. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0742-08.2008

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Brown, S., Martinez, M., and Parsons, M. (2006). The neuronal basis of human dance. Cereb. Cortex 16, 1157–1167. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhj057

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Colcombe, S. J., Erickson, K. I., Scalf, P. E., Kim, J. S., Prakash, R., McAuley, E., et al. (2006). Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 61, 1166–1170. doi: 10.1093/gerona/61.11.1166

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Echávarri, C., Aalten, P., Uyling, H. B. M., Jacobs, H. I. L., Visser, P. J., Gronenschild, M., et al. (2011). Atrophy in the parahippocampal gyrus as an early biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Struct. Funct. 215, 265–271. doi: 10.1007/s00429-010-0283-8

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Edelmann, E., Lessmann, V., and Brigadski, T. (2014). Pre- and postsynaptic twists in BDNF secretion and action in synaptic plasticity. Neuropharmacology 76, 610–627. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.05.043

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Chaddock, L., et al. (2011). Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 108, 3017–3022. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1015950108

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Erickson, K. I., Weinstein, A. M., and Lopez, O. L. (2012). Physical activity, brain plasticity, and Alzheimer’s disease. Arch. Med. Res. 43, 615–621. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.09.008

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Flöel, A., Ruscheweyh, R., Krüger, K., Willemer, C., Winter, B., Völker, K., et al. (2010). Physical activity and memory functions: are neurotrophins and cerebral gray matter volume the missing link? Neuroimage 49, 2756–2763. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.043

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Freret, T., Gaudreau, P., Schumann-Bard, P., Billard, J. M., and Popa-Wagner, A. (2015). Mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect of brain reserve against late life depression. J. Neural. Transm. (Vienna) 122, S55–S61. doi: 10.1007/s00702-013-1154-2

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Gregory, S. M., Parker, B., and Thompson, P. D. (2012). Physical activity, cognitive function, and brain health: what is the role of exercise training in the prevention of dementia? Brain Sci. 2, 684–708. doi: 10.3390/brainsci2040684

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Hänggi, J., Koeneke, S., Bezzola, L., and Jäncke, L. (2010). Structural neuroplasticity in the sensorimotor network of professional female ballet dancers. Hum. Brain Mapp. 31, 1196–1206. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20928

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Helmstaedter, C., and Durwen, H. F. (1990). The verbal learning and retention test. A useful and differentiated tool in evaluating verbal memory performance. Schweiz. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr. (1985) 141, 21–30.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

Huang, E. J., and Reichardt, L. F. (2001). Neurotrophins: roles in neuronal development and function. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24, 677–736. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.677

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Hüfner, K., Binetti, C., Hamilton, D. A., Stephan, T., Flanagin, V. L., Linn, J., et al. (2011). Structural and functional plasticity of the hippocampal formation in professional dancers and slackliners. Hippocampus 21, 855–865. doi: 10.1002/hipo.20801

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Karvonen, M. J., Kentala, E., and Mustala, O. (1957). The effects of training on heart rate: a longitudinal study. Ann. Med. Exp. Biol. Fenn. 35, 307–315.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

Kattenstroth, J. C., Kalisch, T., Holt, S., Tegethoff, M., and Dinse, H. R. (2013). Six months of dance intervention enhances postural, sensorimotor, and cognitive performance in elderly without affecting cardio-respiratory functions. Front. Aging Neurosci. 5:5. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00005

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Kattenstroth, J. C., Kolankowska, I., Kalisch, T., and Dinse, H. R. (2010). Superior sensory, motor, and cognitive performance in elderly individuals with multi-year dancing activities. Front. Aging Neurosci. 2:31. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2010.00031

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Kirk-Sanchez, N. J., and McGough, E. L. (2014). Physical exercise and cognitive performance in the elderly: current perspectives. Clin. Interv. Aging 9, 51–62. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S39506

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Lessmann, V., and Brigadski, T. (2009). Mechanisms, locations, and kinetics of synaptic BDNF secretion: an update. Neurosci. Res. 65, 11–22. doi: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.06.004

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Maass, A., Düzel, S., Goerke, M., Becke, A., Sobieray, U., Neumann, K., et al. (2015). Relationship between peripheral IGF-1, VEGF and BDNF levels and exercise-related changes in memory, hippocampal perfusion and volumes in older adults. Neuroimage 131, 142–154. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.084

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Mattson, M. P. (2008). Glutamate and neurotrophic factors in neuronal plasticity and disease. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 1144, 97–112. doi: 10.1196/annals.1418.005

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Müller, P., Rehfeld, K., Lüders, A., Schmicker, M., Hökelmann, A., Kaufmann, J., et al. (2016). Effekte eine Tanz- und eines Gesundheitssporttrainings auf die graue Hirnsubstanz gesunder Senioren. Sportwiss. 46, 213–222. doi: 10.1007/s12662-016-0411-6

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Niemann, C., Godde, B., and Voelcker-Rehage, C. (2014). Not only cardiovascular, but also coordinative exercise increases hippocampal volume in older adults. Front. Aging Neurosci. 6:170. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00170

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Oswald, W. D., Gunzelmann, T., Rupprecht, R., and Hagen, B. (2006). Differential effects of single versus combined cognitive and physical training with older adults: the SimA study in a 5-year perspective. Eur. J. Ageing 3, 179–192. doi: 10.1007/s10433-006-0035-z

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Pantel, J., Kratz, B., Essig, M., and Schröde, J. (2003). Parahippocampal volume deficits in subjects with aging-associated cognitive decline. Am. J. Psychiatry 160, 379–382. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.379

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Park, H., and Poo, M. M. (2013). Neurotrophin regulation of neural circuit development and function. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 14, 7–23. doi: 10.1038/nrn3379

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Rehfeld, K., Hökelmann, A., Kaufmann, J., and Müller, N. G. (2016). “Effects of a dance vs. a fitness training on brain plasticity, balance performance and attention in healthy seniores: a new approach with SPM 12 for pairwise longitudinal group comparison,” in Proceeding-International Conference of Sports and Neuroscience (Magdeburg), 127–138.

Satz, P., Cole, M. A., Hardy, D. J., and Rassovsky, Y. (2011). Brain and cognitive reserve: mediator(s) and construct validity, a critique. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 33, 121–130. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2010.493151

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Schega, L., Peter, B., Brigadski, T., Leßmann, V., Isermann, B., Hamacher, D., et al. (2016). Effect of intermittent normobaric hypoxia on aerobic capacity and cognitive function in older people. J. Sci. Med. Sport 19, 941–945. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.02.012

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Taube, W. (2008). Neurophysiological adaptations in response to balance training. Dtsch. Z. Sportmed. 63, 273–277. doi: 10.5960/dzsm.2012.030

CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Taubert, M., Draganski, B., Anwander, A., Müller, K., Horstmann, A., Villringer, A., et al. (2010). Dynamic properties of human brain structure: learning related changes in cortical areas and associated fiber connections. J. Neurosci. 30, 11670–11677. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2567-10.2010

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Thomas, A. G., Dennis, A., Bandettini, P. A., and Johansen-Berg, H. (2012). The effects of aerobic activity on brain structure. Front. Psychol. 3:86. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00086

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Tisserand, D. J., Pruessner, J. C., Sanz Arigita, E. J., van Boxtel, M. P., Evans, A. C., Jolles, J., et al. (2002). Regional frontal cortical volumes decrease differentially in aging: an MRI study to compare volumetric approaches and voxel-based morphometry. Neuroimage 17, 657–669. doi: 10.1016/s1053-8119(02)91173-0

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Verghese, J., Lipton, R. B., Katz, M. J., Hall, C. B., Dervy, C. A., Kuslansky, G., et al. (2003). Leisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 2508–2516. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa022252

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Vital, T. M., Stein, A. M., de Melo Coelho, F. G., Arantes, F. J., Teodorov, E., Santos-Galduróz, R. F., et al. (2014). Physical exercise and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in elderly: a systematic review. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 59, 234–239. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2014.04.011

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Voelcker-Rehage, C., and Niemann, C. (2013). Structural and functional brain changes related to different types of physical activity across the life span. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 37, 2268–2295. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.028

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zatorre, R. J., Fields, R. D., and Johansen-Berg, H. (2012). Plasticity in gray and white: neuroimaging changes in brain structure during learning. Nat. Neurosci. 15, 528–536. doi: 10.1038/nn.3045

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Zimmermann, P., and Fimm, B. (2002). Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung (TAP), Version 1.7, Handbuch—Teil1. Würselen: Psytest.